Just like a metaphor, the "Mozi" quantum satellite from China sends out two red lights from space, which looks like the "people" in Chinese characters. This scene is regarded as the "cover", printed On June 17th in the well-known American academic journal Science. This time, the Chinese science station stood in front of the world, and it was straight up and stood at the forefront.
On June 16, Academician Pan Jianwei, the chief scientist of China Quantum Science Experimental Satellite and vice president of the University of Science and Technology of China, announced under the flash of the media: China took the lead in realizing the “thousand kilometers†of two-way quantum entanglement distribution, breaking the international Maintaining the "100-kilometer" record for many years, he answered Einstein's "A Century of Questions" about quantum mechanics.
Chinese quantum science experimental satellite "Mozi". Profile picture
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The reviewer of Science magazine called the result "a major technological breakthrough that combines the practical practical application and the importance of basic scientific research" and asserts that "there will no doubt be a huge impact in academia and the general public." .
Shelji Yanke, a quantum technology expert at Boston University in the United States, commented: This is an epic experiment of heroes. The skills, persistence and dedication of Chinese researchers should receive the highest praise and recognition.
On the day of the press release of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Pan Jianwei did not deliberately conceal his excitement. He said: "This is the best scientific result I have ever done in my life."
Although it is a common practice for him and his team to lead the way or create a world record.
Just a month ago, Pan Jianwei developed the world's first optical quantum computer that surpassed the early classic computers. Further, in 2003, Pan Jianwei's team realized the four-photon entanglement state—a basic work in the field of quantum entanglement research. Since then, the team has achieved five-photon, six-photon, eight-photon, and ten-photon entanglement for many years. The world record of multi-photon entanglement has attracted the attention of academics and the media.
When British "Nature" magazine reported on the results of Quan Jianwei's research on quantum communication, it pointed out that this marks the rise of China in the field of quantum communication. From the insignificant country 10 years ago to the current world power, it will lead Europe and North America. .
Today, the results of the latest experiments in quantum satellites have allowed China to once again advance to the center of the world of quantum research. Quantum time belonging to China seems to be coming.
"Question of the Century": A New Game for the Global Powers
The reason why humans fall in love with science is that it can explore the unknown and satisfy our curiosity. Now, an unknown problem that is not difficult to describe is in front of human beings -
In the microscopic world that is invisible to the human eye, does the thing exist as a "probability" or does it "determine"? For an example of football, in the macro world, we can definitely know exactly where it is, but in the micro world, a football is equivalent to a particle, and people seem to only be able to judge the probability that it appears at a certain point in the football field. But I can't know exactly where it is.
Quantum mechanics is the biggest supporter of the "probability theory" of the microcosm. There is a characteristic in quantum theory, that is, quantum entanglement. In simple terms, two quantum in entangled state are like "in telepathy", no matter how far apart these particles are, as long as one particle changes, the other particles also Will immediately "perceive" and then change.
However, Einstein did not buy it, and ridiculed this phenomenon as a "ghost-like super-distance effect." Therefore, he and Bohr and other scientific giants have engaged in heated debates and left a "question of the century": God throwing the dice? In other words, is the microcosm determined by "probability"?
Scientists in related fields around the world, and even some rulers, are fascinated by this issue. Because once this feature is finally verified, there is a most direct application, that is, the quantum channel established by quantum entanglement can not be deciphered, and become the "ultimate weapon" of future secret communication.
According to Pan Jianwei, in order to make quantum communication practical, it is necessary to realize the "long distance" distribution of quantum entanglement. Generations of scholars have come down and humans seem to have encountered a "bottleneck": because quantum entanglement is "too fragile", it will decay with the transmission distance of photons in the fiber or in the surface atmosphere. Previous experiments only stayed at "100 kilometers." "The magnitude of the distance.
Pan Jianwei roughly calculated that the use of optical fiber for quantum distribution, transmission "100 kilometers" distance, loss has reached 99%; transmission of "thousand kilometers" distance, each sending a photon takes about 30,000 years, "this is completely lost The meaning of communication."
Thus, a "quantum communication" competition between big countries appeared. Whoever rushed to the distance of "thousand kilometers" seemed to be able to lead in this race. Pan Jianwei said: "Everyone is constantly going to 'stretch' this distance, in order to verify the principle of quantum entanglement, step by step approaching the practical goal of quantum communication."
"Curve overtaking": China leads in space
In fact, in the more than one hundred years of the birth of quantum physics, relevant research has always been prosperous. However, in the decades before the international scientific research competition, it was difficult to see the Chinese. The start of the night is a label that the Chinese can't afford, but it does not prevent us from "overtaking the curve."
In 2003, Pan Jianwei began experimenting with "long distance" quantum entanglement, from 13 kilometers to 100 kilometers, from catching up to surpassing. On August 9th, 2012, the international academic journal Nature published the research results of Pan Jianwei's team in the form of cover titles: they successfully achieved the “100-kilometer†level of free-space quantum teleportation and entanglement distribution for the first time in the world. .
This achievement not only sets a new world record, but also hopes to become a milestone in long-distance quantum communication, and lays a technical foundation for launching the world's first quantum science experimental satellite, the current Mozi. On December 6th of the same year, Nature magazine wrote a long-form news feature "Data Stealth Transmission: Quantum Space Race" for this achievement, detailing this fierce quantum space competition.
After another four years, Pan Jianwei’s team launched the “quantum entanglement†experimental distance to “1200 km†by launching the “Mozi†satellite, turning the scientists’ imaginary experiments into reality and letting Chinese quantum in space. Lead the world.
Yanne Wein, a quantum technology expert at the University of Waterloo in Canada, said that there is indeed a quantum research competition in the world. “The Chinese team has overcome several major technical and scientific challenges and clearly demonstrated their leading position in the field of quantum communications.â€
Correspondingly, similar experiments have been initiated and promoted by scientists in the European Union, Canada, and Japan. However, due to insufficient technology accumulation or insufficient financial support, the progress is slow.
In the United States, for example, in 2015 NASA announced a plan to establish a long-distance fiber between a headquarters and a jet propulsion laboratory with a linear distance of 600 kilometers, a fiber optic skin length of about 1000 kilometers, and 10 transit base stations. Quantum communication trunks, and plans to expand to Xingdi Quantum Communications. However, there is currently no news of actual progress in the plan.
At the end of 2015, the British government's "Technology Opportunities in the Quantum Era" report showed that China ranked first in the world in quantum science and second in patent applications. In the initial stage of the "Second Quantum Revolution", China's sudden emergence of a sudden emergence into the "leading camp."
Today, in the latest quantum space competition, China's "Mozi" once again took the lead, the first to cross the "thousand kilometers" level of running line. The two ground stations participating in this experiment are Qinghai Delingha Station and Yunnan Lijiang Gaomei Ancient Station. The two stations are 1,203 kilometers away. Some commentators said that only a few months after the launch, the world's first quantum communication satellite has reached one of its most ambitious goals, and quantum communication has taken a big step toward practicality.
A sudden rise in the military: backed by institutional mechanisms
Pan Jianwei was asked more than once: Why did China lead the European and American countries this time?
His answer is often to "concentrate power to do big things" and rely on the efficiency of China's "big science" project construction.
Pan Jianwei said that the result was made by a "big team." Under the support of the Science and Technology Strategic Pilot Science and Technology Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, he and his colleague Peng Chengzhi and other research teams, together with the Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wang Jianyu Research Group, Microsatellite Innovation Institute, Institute of Optoelectronic Technology, The National Astronomical Observatory, the Purple Mountain Observatory, and the National Space Science Center completed the cooperation.
So enumerating, it is not just writing a sum on the "credit book".
Pan Jianwei said that when everything goes smoothly, you may not realize it, but once you encounter bumps and bumps, you will be deeply aware of "the indispensability of certain links or an institution." Some of his European, American, and Canadian counterparts have had similar scientific ideas, but they have no support from the same team and can only give up.
For example, the pioneer of quantum information experimental research, the famous physicist Anton Zeilinger research group and many excellent research teams in Europe have been discussing with the European Space Agency to establish a satellite communication system based on the International Space Station. However, the slow decision-making mechanism of ESA has caused this plan to be delayed.
In China, as early as 2003, Pan Jianwei proposed to the Chinese Academy of Sciences to use satellite to achieve long-range quantum entanglement distribution. In the Chinese Academy of Sciences at the time, this "unheard of the idea" was not a voice that had not been questioned, and some even said, "Pan Jianwei is crazy!"
However, the Chinese Academy of Sciences finally gave the Pan Jianwei team more than 1 million yuan - which was a "very large" research funding 14 years ago.
At that time, there was a young man named Peng Chengzhi who was still a black hair. Now he is the hairdresser of the Quantum Satellite Science Application System and the professor of the University of Science and Technology of China. It is also the important thing of the “thousand kilometersâ€. One of the main accomplishers of the outcome.
According to his memory, in 2003, Pan Jianwei found him as a doctoral student and described the prospects of quantum communication to him. He asked Pan Jianwei: "Is this thing very bullish?"
Pan Jianwei said: "It is the most cattle in the world, at least one of them."
"As a young person can do such a thing, I have no reason to refuse." Peng Chengzhi said.
According to Pan Jianwei, he started from the research of China University of Science and Technology, and sent the talent layout to Innsbruck, Austria, Cambridge, England, and Max Planck Optics, Germany... In 2008, he led the team in Germany to return to China University of Science and Technology, distributed in the world. Young scholars from all over the world also returned to China, and a world-class research team led by him, led by Chen Yuzhen, Lu Chaoyang, Zhang Qiang, Zhao Bo, etc., was born.
Now, 14 years later, the “thousand kilometers†level checkpoint has passed. The team is working hard towards the ultimate distance of “300,000 kilometers†and continues to test quantum mechanics. In the future, it is also possible to combine with the lunar exploration project to experiment on the moon.
However, Pan Jianwei, a 47-year-old academician, still has a "serious sense of crisis." He said that there was a lot of suspicion when it was not made. Now it took so much time to make it. Internationally, they all said that they should "catch up as much as possible".
As one American colleague said, although the first spacecraft and the first satellite were made by the Soviet Union, the United States was the first to land on the moon. They feel that as long as they work hard, they can catch up with China in the field of quantum.
"So, we don't dare to slack off." Pan Jianwei said.
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