Currently, global energy is in a critical period of transition, and human society is pushing the traditional energy system represented by oil and gas to transform into a modern energy system represented by renewable energy. From the perspective of energy production, consumption and configuration, modern energy systems are characterized by electricity as the center and grid as the platform.
As countries around the world develop towards clean, low-carbon new energy systems, the proportion of re-electrification of distributed renewable energy, electric vehicles, and end users has increased significantly. The "World Energy Outlook 2017" issued by the International Energy Agency (IEA) pointed out that the rapid development of distributed renewable energy is "unimaginable". Because of its good economy, reliability, flexibility and environmental protection, it has become One of the world's largest new power supplies.
The virtual power plant is accelerating
In the future, the decentralized power generation and active load in the distribution network will show a rapid growth trend, and more power users will be transformed from single consumers to hybrid prosumers. At the technical level, because distributed renewable energy, controllable loads, energy storage facilities, and electric vehicles have the characteristics of geographical dispersion, strong randomness, high volatility, and weak observability and controllability, with the connection The continuous expansion of the overall scale of access to the power grid poses new challenges to the safe, reliable, and economic operation of the power grid. From the operating level, the business model of sustainable development of decentralized resources needs to be studied urgently, and a feasible path needs to be explored in depth to encourage mixed producers and consumers to achieve friendly interaction with the power grid.
Virtual Power Plant (VPP) is aimed at these new phenomena, focusing on the important characteristics of simultaneous power generation on the production side and consumption side in the process of re-electrification, and proposes technologies and business models that adapt to the future development trend of clean energy and low carbon. Based on the physical architecture of the traditional power grid, this technical model can rely on the Internet and modern information and communication technologies to aggregate distributed power, energy storage, loads and other resources scattered in the power grid, and perform coordinated optimization of operation control and market transactions. Provide ancillary services. A virtual power plant is not a power plant. In simple terms, a virtual power plant is a user-centered and commercialized market-based platform for the management of source network load aggregation under the "Internet +" smart energy environment.
Since the concept of virtual power plant was put forward in 1997, it has received extensive attention from many countries in Europe, North America and Australia. In recent years, with the improvement of information and communication technology (ICT), distributed coordinated control technology, and smart metering technology, and the rapid development of distributed power, energy storage, and electric vehicles, the industrial sector has gradually shown great demand for virtual power plants. Put into engineering practice. From a global perspective, European virtual power plants focus on "sources". The main goal is to improve the friendly and intelligent interaction of distributed power grids and create a sustainable and stable business model. They have been launched under the EU's sixth and seventh framework plans. The FENIX project and the TWENTIES project. The former aims to aggregate a large number of distributed power sources into virtual power plants to improve the economy, controllability and safety of the EU power system. The latter’s demonstration focuses on how to use virtual power plants to achieve cogeneration, Intelligent management of distributed power sources and loads. The North American virtual power plant originated from the "he", through automatic demand response and energy efficiency management, to improve the efficiency of comprehensive energy utilization. In recent years, with the development of distributed energy, New York State of the United States has carried out the ConEd VPP project under the guidance of the Energy Reform Vision (REV) strategy, which aims to connect the user-side "solar + energy storage" system clusters to the grid friendly and reduce residential electricity consumption. Cost, improve grid peaking and frequency modulation and emergency response capabilities; explore distributed photovoltaic management methods in California, including how virtual power plants and distributed energy providers (DERP) participate in grid operations and power markets. Australia has put into operation a number of virtual power plant demonstration projects in recent years. The main goals are to reduce electricity costs, promote clean energy consumption, improve the stability of the Australian power grid, and jointly build AGL VPP demonstration projects with Tesla, aiming to aggregate a large number of photovoltaics Power supply and energy storage equipment meet the challenges brought by the high penetration rate of distributed power supply and reduce the cost of infrastructure investment.
At present, the proportion of distributed renewable power in my country is not large, but it is developing rapidly. The power development "13th Five-Year" plan clearly proposes that the installed capacity of distributed photovoltaic power will reach 60 million kilowatts during the 13th Five-Year Plan; my country has become the world's largest electric vehicle market. In 2017, the domestic sales of electric vehicles exceeded 770,000, accounting for more than half of the world. By 2020, the cumulative production of electric vehicles will exceed 5 million; electric energy substitution and clean heating are progressing in an orderly manner. In 2017, the total electric energy substitution exceeded 150 billion kilowatts. At that time, by 2020, electric energy will replace approximately 450 billion kilowatt-hours of new electricity consumption. The rapid development of distributed power and controllable loads will have a huge impact on the safe and stable operation of the power grid. Therefore, virtual power plants will have broad applications in distributed power, northern clean heating, user-side demand response, and electric vehicles. prospect. The virtual power plant can "connect in series" distributed photovoltaics, energy storage equipment, heat storage boilers and controllable loads to maximize the benefits of the overall energy supply of cold, heat, and electricity. In bustling urban building clusters, virtual power plants can monitor central air-conditioning, electric vehicles and other flexible controllable loads, environmental parameters, and distributed energy output in real time, automatically adjust and optimize response quality around user and system requirements, and reduce power and grid construction. Investment, while creating a good and comfortable living environment, achieve a win-win situation for users and systems, technology and business models.
International standards, contributing Chinese wisdom
Due to the wide application prospects of virtual power plants, the world is seizing the opportunity to strive for strategic initiative, and standard formulation has become a must-see for the dominant international voice. In October 2017, a team of experts composed of State Grid Jibei Electric Power Company and China Electric Power Research Institute submitted to the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) proposals for virtual power plants "Use Cases" and "Architectural and Functional Requirements" on behalf of China. Competition and elimination, passed the voting smoothly, and won the joining support of Germany, Britain, France, Switzerland and other member states. It was officially approved in March 2018 and became the first batch of international standards established by the IEC in the field of virtual power plants. China formally dominates virtual power plants, the world's highest voice in the hot field of energy transition.
It is extremely challenging to formulate international standards in frontier emerging fields. Real leadership in technology and practice must be achieved in order to grasp the dominant advantages. Based on this characteristic, the State Grid Jibei Electric Power Company has innovatively proposed a four-integration model of "research, innovation, demonstration and compilation" in the international standard preparation work, which closely integrates scientific research, innovation and efficiency, demonstration applications and standard preparation in the field of virtual power plants. In mutual support and iterative improvement, high-quality preparation of international standards will be realized, and a virtual power plant scientific research, innovation and efficiency creation and application achievement system will be established simultaneously to drive the leading development of power grid technology and functions. Specifically, it is necessary to rely on the resource endowments of northern Hebei, explore and accumulate in new energy and technological innovation, and grasp the historical opportunity of the 2022 Beijing-Zhangjiakou Winter Olympics. The use cases of virtual power plants in northern Hebei will be rich in renewable energy. Build a reproducible and extendable green energy sharing economy business model in concentrated areas, explore technological innovations that transform uncontrollable renewable energy into stable and reliable green energy, and promote user-centric distributed renewable energy and strong intelligence The coordinated development of power grids, and standard connectivity, contribute "Chinese wisdom" to the energy transition.
Whether overseas or in China, virtual power plants are still very young. On the road of energy transition, governments, enterprises, users and other parties need to work together to actively explore market mechanism construction, business model innovation, core technology promotion, and extensive user participation, and pursue the poetry and distance of the new generation of energy systems.
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