In either case, capacitance is generated between two conductors with different potentials. There is always an electric field between two conductors with different potentials. The energy stored in the electric field is supplied by the drive circuit. Because the drive circuit is a power-limited excitation source, the voltage between any two conductors will establish a steady state value for a limited time. With the injection of energy, the voltage will quickly build up or decay, and the resistance to the voltage is called capacitance. For example, two equal metal plate structures contain a large amount of charge at low voltage, so the capacitance is large.
Figure 1.5 shows the ideal current and voltage waveforms when a capacitor is driven by a 30-ohm stimulus. The rising change in capacitance step response is shown as a function of time. When the voltage step just starts, a large amount of energy flows into the capacitor, establishing its electric field. The initial current entering the capacitor is quite high, and at the beginning of the voltage step, a large amount of energy flows into the capacitor, establishing its electric field. The initial current into the capacitor is quite high, and the voltage-to-current ratio Y(T)II(T) is very low. In a short period of time, the capacitor looks like a short circuit connection.
As time goes on, the ratio Y(T)II(T) gradually increases. Eventually, the current drops to near zero and the capacitor looks like an open circuit at this time. Finally, the electric field within the capacitor is fully established. Due to the non-ideal dielectric properties of the dielectric, only a small leakage current exists between the two electrodes of the capacitor. The Y(T)II(T) ratio at this time is very high.
There is a step response of this circuit element that appears as a capacitance characteristic over a certain time range, and shows an inductance characteristic during another time range, or vice versa. For example, when a capacitor is mounted at a very high frequency, Its inductance is usually sufficient to render the entire element as an inductive characteristic. The step response of the capacitor will appear as a tiny pulse at zero time, perhaps only a few hundred picoseconds (corresponding to the pin inductance), then drop to zero, followed by a normal capacitive rise ramp.
If the rise time of the step excitation source is too slow, the trajectory of the output curve will not exhibit inductive spikes. Because the pulse is very short, if the oscilloscope's scan time reference is set too slowly, it can easily be missed. Interestingly, by adjusting the rise time and setting the sweep time benchmark, we can make the step response measurements of circuit components more prominent in a particular frequency range. In summary, if the step rise time is TR, the step response near zero time is related to the impedance of the circuit element near the frequency FA: FA=0.5/TR
Where TR = rising time of the step excitation source FA = approximate analysis frequency
By visually averaging the step values ​​over the entire time period, we can rest on the impedance at lower frequencies. With the above formula, the approximate analysis frequency that should be applied to an average period value TR can be calculated.
The final value of the step response shows the impedance at DC.
Only from a step rise time TR, we cannot infer more features on higher frequency components than FA. Only the frequency of the signal from the step-stimulus source is high enough to ensure that the desired situation is revealed
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